Nepal Essay Essay Example for Free

Nepal Essay EssayIntroductionI am doing my report on a country by the name of Nepal. The formal name is The res publica of Nepal. The term for citizens is Nepalese. The capital of Nepal is Katmandu. Nepal became independent in 1768 when a number of independent hill states were unified by Prithri Narayan Shah as the Kingdom of Gorkha. The area of Nepal is 56,827 square miles. Its race according to the 1991 census was 18,462, 081. Nepal is located between China and India.PopulationThe most recent information or so Nepals race is in the year of 1994. It was an estimate of closely 20,000,000. At this time the average family was made up of 5.9 persons, and the life expectancy was about 50 historic period. About 70 per centum of the total population was of work age, or between the ages of fifteen and fifty-nine years of age. Nearly 44 percent of the population is in the Terai Region, 48 percent in the Mountain Region. In 1981 the capital, Katmandu , had a population of 235,160. G everywherenmentNepal has a constitutional monarchy government. The multiparty democracy established along with the November 1990 constitution which replaced the panchayat system.EducationThe education system has expand rapidly since 1951. Right now there are elementary and high schools found in most areas of the country. Tribharan University was established in 1961 to serve as the hub of a higher education system.The literacy rate is still only an estimated fifteen percent, with most of the literate population concentrated in Katmandu Valley and in the Terai. verbiage In Nepal there are numerous speech communications spoken which is a problem because they do not belong to the same family group. The most ballpark and national language , Nepali, stems form the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo European family.Nepali is spoken by 60 percent of the population. A second category of languages in Nepal is the Tibeto- Burman languages, of which the most common are Newer, Magarkura, Gurangku ra, Karin and Limbuani.Religion and SocietyReligion occupies an integral position in Nepalese life and society. The main religion in Nepal is Hinduism , but much of the population follows an unorthodox Buddhism strongly affected by mixtures of Hinduism. The fact that Hindus worship in Buddhist temples and Buddhists worship in Hindus temples has been one of the main reasons followers of the two run groups in Nepal have never engaged in any conflicts. Because of such dual faith practices the differences between Hindus and Buddhists have been generally in nature. In 1991 about 89.5 percent of the Nepalese people indenified themselves as Hindus. Buddhists and Muslims occupied only 5.3 and 2.7 percent. The remainder religion is Christianity.At least 87 percent of the population in both region is made of Hindus.Buddhists are mostly found in the east Hills, the Katmandu Valley, and the Central Terai, in each area about 10 percent of the people were Buddhist.Terai The Terai region of Nep al is a low, fertile alluvial plain, in effect the northern extrusion of the Ganges plain. It is 20 miles wide at its broadest point and extends over most of the southern edge. North of this, bordering the forests of the Bhabar and Chria Hills, the Terai is marshy and malaria is endemic. A green belt of excellent timber parallels or dense elephant grass growing to a altitude of 15 feet.Climate The climate is moderate only in the freshet valleys, about 5,000 feet above sea level. The rest of Nepal is either extremely hot, as in the Terai, climate changes sharply with elevation. In the Himalayas, exposure to the sun and to rain-bearing winds produce complex patterns of local climates. Average temperatures in the Katmandu Valley send form 50 degrees in January to 78 degrees in July. Rainfall mainlyoccurs between June and September. The dry season is November to January.Agriculture About 90 percent of Nepals working force is this instant engaged in agricultural pursuits. Arable land is at 30 percent of the total land area, of which 60 percent is classified as qualified for wet cultivation and 30 percent for dry cultivation. The main crops are rice, corn, millet, wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables.Rice is grown in the Teria, Katmandu Valley , and the lower hill area. clavus and millet are the main crops at higher altitudes , which is about 6,000 feet above sea level.Annual Rainfall Fire climate zones based on altitude range from subtropical in the South, to cool summers and severe winters in the North. The annual rainfall depends on a monsoon cycle which provides 60 to 80 percent of the total rainfall. The Eastern part of the country get the most with 2,500 millimeters. The Katmandu averages around 1,420 millimeters. And Western Nepal gets around 1,000 millimeters.Himalayans The Himalayans are what Nepal is known for. The Himalayans were formed about 60 million years ago, When the earths continents were still forming, a part of east Africa brok e loose and began to driff slowly northward. When it rammed into Asia , the force of the collision caused the land to crumple up into a vast mountain range. More than 1,000 miles long and hundreds of miles wide. This system contains some of the highest mountains in the world. The most famous of these is Mount Everest.BibliographyNorton, Peter B., and Joseph J. Esposito. Nepal. Encyclopedia Britanica. 1995.Boehm, Richard G. World Geography. Westerville The McGraw-Hill.1997.

The Story Behind Bell Essay Example for Free

The Story Behind buzzer EssayMr. Watson, come here. I want you. These famous words by horse parsley Graham tam-tam were spoken twice first when the first sentence on the echo was delightted, and second when the first transcontinental sentence was exchanged (Feinstein 76, 92). This great genius may be world-famous for his invention of the telephone, but he preferred to be known as something else the teacher of the deaf (World Book 2001 240). Not only was this brilliant objet dart the creator of the device that transmits speech but alike an educator and a very curious human being who desired knowledge and continued to rise new ideas throughout his long and productive life. You can see how he changed and influenced the world through the eld of his early life, his exploits, his miraculous telephone and its impact on the world, and his new(prenominal) creative inventions. cost was born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland (Foster). He was named after his grandfather, Alexander Bell and got his middle name, Graham from a family friend. His father, who was to a fault named Alexander, taught deaf-mutes on how to speak, whereas his mother Elisa was a painter (World Book 2001 240).He was a talented practice of medicineian, and could play by ear from the years of his childhood which resulted in him receiving a musical education (World Book 2001 240). Bell enrolled as a student teacher in West Howe which was a boys school near Edinburgh and taught music and speech in exchange for being tutored in other subjects (World Book 2001 240). He eventually started his own school for deaf teachers in 1872, which was one achievement of his in the line of many, although his most important one was the telephone. Ever since he was young, he had a fervent interest in human voice and an aspiration for fame and fortune.From the time when Samuel Morse invented the telegraph, Bell was determined to create a new and improved version. In other words, he wanted to be a ble to transmit human speech. He worked with his partner, Thomas Watson, whom he met at an electrical instrument-making workshop, because he lacked necessary parts (World Book 2001 241). Together, they worked on the creation of the telephone using a wire, a transmitter, and a pass receiver. On March 1876, Bell was adjusting the transmitter in the lab of his apartment. Watson was in another room adjusting the receiver, and the door between them was shut.Bell by luck spilled battery acid on himself, and said those famous words Mr. Watson, come here. I want you, which Watson heard in the other room through the receiver (Creating America 588). Life flew by for Alexander and Thomas after that. The first telephone patent was issued on March 7, 1876 (World Book 2001 241). The French government awarded Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs, and he used that money to set up more labs, which also meant that he accumulated teams of bright engineers to pursue new ideas (World Book 2001 241, Bellis).in the beginning they knew it, telephones were widely used in the United States. In 1880, more than 50,000 telephones had been sold. A year later, that number changed to 132,000 (Feinstein 89). In 1915, the first transcontinental phone call took aspire between Bell who was in New York City, and Watson who was on the other side of the country, in San Francisco (Feinstein 92). Because this took place, it opened up a whole new level of opening for Americans. If we could get a telephone call across the country, then why not across the whole world?Today, telephones are widely used, and we all move over Bell to thank although not only for this one task. Some more accomplishments of his were when he was elected the first president of the National Geographic Society, and also when he founded the Journal of Science (Ament). Although these achievements may be big, they were not as great as the invention of the telephone. As a result, Bell created the Bell Telephone telephoner in 1885, which also led to the creation of the American Telephone Telegraph Company (ATT), which still exists today. (Feinstein 89).The invention resulted in Alexander demonstrating his telephone at the centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, and also for Queen Victoria at the Royal Palace (Feinstein 79, 82). Several major scientists at the time saw his exposition, and declare Here is the greatest marvel ever achieved in electrical science, (Creating America 588). Two days after the exhibition, he married Mabel Hubbard and had two daughters Elsie and Marian (Feinstein 84). They sailed to England and introduced the telephone to the British. The telephone changed the whole world to an unimaginable extent, and it all started with an accident in his lab.Although this creation was one of Bells more successful inventions, he also had many that were not as well-known, but were developed with such cleverness that it plainly shows his creativity and hobby for experimentation. Alexan der always strived for more knowledge, which meant that he experimented whenever possible. In 1880, he invented the photophone, which transmitted sound over a beam of light (Feinstein 99). He also devised a kite capable of carrying a person, and a hydrodome, which was the fast-paced boat in the world for several years, travelling at an average speed of 70 mph (Ament).Another one of his well-known inventions was a metal detector, which came in useful when President James Garfield was shot. On July 2, 1881, doctors probed the Presidents body with bare and unwashed hands, hoping to find the bullet. They were unsuccessful and called Bell, expecting him to use his metal detector. When Bell first invented this device, he tested it on Civil War veterans who still had bullets in them, and was successful for every single person. When it came to the president, however, it did not work.Garfield eventually died from blood tipsiness from the doctors filthy hands. After his death, Bell found o ut that his metal detector was fine, but the springs in the Presidents bed had interfered with the functioning of the machine. Many newspapers incorrectly blamed him for the presidents death, but those close to him knew that he had tried his best, and that the death was not his fault in any way (Feinstein 103, 106). Inventing the telephone wholly wouldve earned Bell lifelong fame and respect, but he continued to create or improve devices to make the world a better place.Forty-one years later Bell himself passed away. On August 2, 1922, Pernicious Anemia, a blood disease, sadly claimed his life at the age of 75 (Bellis). He is remembered for being the discoverer of the telephone, and making the world a smaller place, because friends and family were now just a phone call away. To honor his death, the millions of telephone lines served by the Bell Telephone body in USA and Canada went silent for a whole minute, letting the people remember who invented it and how it dramatically cha nged the world (Ament).To this very day we can see how Alexander Graham Bell changed each and every one of our lives, and made the world what it is through the years of his early life, his accomplishments, his extraordinary telephone and its impact on the world, and his other astounding creations. He followed his dreams and desires, and told us all to Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods. Every time you do so you will be certain to find something that you have never seen before. Alexander Graham Bell (Feinstein 5).

Elaboration Theory in Learning Psychology Essay Example for Free

Elaboration Theory in Learning Psychology EssayThe concept of refining theory centers greatly on progressive learning. That is, the steps in learning are built upon each other in a series of increasingly complex steps. In other words, rather than plateau the learning progress, it ontogenesiss in complexity as time goes on. However, what was learned in the earlier portion of the advance is not discarded. So, the concept of amplification can be visualized as an upside down pyramid. It starts at a small point and expands. However, the progression is endlessly connected to its origination point. An example of this is as follows a student is taught basic sentence structure. Then, the basics of sentence structure are expanded into the square-toed office to devise a paragraph. This later extends further as the students is taught to the create a series of paragraphs that form a coherent essay. An essay can later be expanded into a lengthy research paper. Really, there is no limit to the progression as long as it never deviates from the origination point of proper grammar and structure. wherefore theorists recommend that learners elaborate as much as possible.Many theorists believe that the elaboration theory provide a cohesive approach to learning. This provides for an increase in retention and overall improvements in learning. How schemas and scripts are often involved in elaboration. The way schemas and scripts work in the realm of elaboration is that they involve the singulars prior accumulation of knowledge. This can be a help or a hindrance depending upon whether the prior knowledge improves or impedes the facilitation of new knowledge. Why different people may elaborate differently on the same information. Different people may pass different strengths and weaknesses.They also may have different goals for learning the material. Since elaboration is a process and not a product, it is understandable that different approaches to present the same materia l are needed. Why elaboration sometimes leads to the storage of inaccurate information. No system of learning is perfect and elaboration theory is not free of such problems. One possible author that elaboration theory can lead to inaccurate information is because the progression of learning goes off on tangents. If this occurs, then it may prove difficult to jump a coherent learning paradigm.

The Life Of Charlie Chaplin

The Life Of Charlie ChaplinCharlie Chaplin was born April the 16 in the social class 1889.His full name is Charlie Spancer Chaplin. He was born in London. (United Kingdom.) Charlie was an movie theater music director and an English amusing actor. His p bents are Charles Chaplin and Hannah Harriette Hillin. But Charlie wrote in his book that he really never knew his amaze. They work in the theater. His perplex artist name was Lily Harley. When Charlie was born his parents got a divorc. When Charlie was dozen his father died, he was an alcoholic .Charlie has two half- brothers, their names are Sidney and Wheeler. Charlie grew up with Sydney , thitherfore Charlie knew him as the best. Sidney was born in 1885, after the marriage. Spencer became to a fault famed as drummer for Jefferson Airplane, that was the best band in the age. Charlie was to young to know was going on and would not fully know about his half-brother , wheeler Dryden His family was very poor. His mother Hanna h sold valuable stuff to stay alive. But after all they have enough food. Because his family had so little money. Therefore Charlie went to a drama. Hannah was sick, when Charlies und Sydneys churlhood. Charlie and Sidney lived in more than homes example , school and workhouses and his own house.The brothers meet again in 1920. Spencer is died from cancer in January 10, 2005. Sydney died on Charlies birthday, april 16,1965. Wheeler died in September 30, 1957. On the picture shoot the breeze you his family.Charlie Chaplin has been married to four times, he has 11 children. His first wife was Mildred Harris, they got married on October 23, 1918.They got one child , just after three days the child died. They got divorced on April 4, 1921. His second wife called Lita Grey , they got married on November 26, 1924, together they had two sons, Charlie and Lita divorced on portentous 25, 1927. His third wife called Paulette Goddard, they met when they are on a holliday,Charlie and Paule tte divorced in June in the year 1942, she was the stepmother of Sidney and Charlie Jr. His fourth wife was Oona ONeill with whom he had eight children, Charlie and Oona got married on June 16, 1943.His Children.His first child, Norman Spencer Chaplin, he was born on July 7, 1919. His second child , Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr., he was born on may 5, 1925, he has appeared in a film together with his father (Charlie Chaplin). His third child , Sydney Earle Chaplin, he was born on borderland 30, 1926, he has also worked with his father (Charlie Chaplin) in one movie. His fourth child, Geraldine Chaplin Leigh, she was born on August 1, 1944, she is also known in many movies. His fifth child, Michael John Chaplin, he was born on March 7, 1946. His sixth child , Josephine Hannah Chaplin, she was born on March 28, 1949. His seventh child, Victoria Chaplin, she was born on May 19, 1951. His eighth child was Eugene Anthony Chaplin, he was born on August 23, 1953. His ninth child, Jane Ceci l Chaplin, she was born on May 23, 1957. His tenth child, Annette Emily Chaplin who was born on December 3, 1959. His last child, Christopher James Chaplin, he was born on July 9, 1962.Silent Films.In 1895 came the first moving pictures that you could often analyze at the fair. You can see dancers in stillterfly dresses and men boxing. After a time came the silend films. At the begin there were only short films, but because people care that ,The films were longer with more subjects. In a unfathomed film the actors dont speak. These films were made around 1900. At that time they cant make a film with a sound. a stupid film in the cinema there was a church organ for music. Later came a real organ. In the year 1927 was it possible to make films with sound. Famous people who played in silent films were Laurel Hardy and Charlie Chaplin. Someone who accompanied a silent film called a Wurlitzer. At that time there were no sibtitles , they used a lot of stuff to make a noice When in a movie a motor was going on another person make a noice of the motor, when a thunderstorm was struck they make a noice with a pot. So there were movies with sound, a lot of actors dont like that because they actors doing more with their mouths and hands . These actors often went to the theater scene there to work there. In the film was someone who told the story of the movie. The silent films had always had a good final, they called a Hollywood end. And for the Europeans a dramatic end..A pair of Charlies films. ( the neat dictator , circus, modern times. )At the movie the great dictator they make fun of Hitler. The great dictator is Charlies famous film, he writes the movie and directed the movie. Charlie plays two rolls in the movie. One is a jewisch barber and a dictator. This movie is the first that Charlie speaks, he was very afraid for the reactions of the people In the end of the years thirty Charlie worked at this movie but it appeared in 1940 in the theaters. In that time Hitler conquered large parts of Europe. The movie came popular around the year 1941. , the great dictator good be used against the war. research showed that Hitler apothegm that movie twice. Nobody knows what Hitler thought of that movie. They think that he thought that the movie wasnt funny, because Charlie was playing a jewisch man. Charlie has at admittedly when he knows what Hitler has don that time he doesnt to make this film.The Circus.For this movie charlie got an academy award. If he really got this award earned, a lot of people discuss over that. He had a difficuld time so because he and his second wife lita got in a devorce. Lita was tried to end the cariere of charlie chaplin. This movie stand on the place number 7 for the highest income of the silend films. In the year 1928 brought the movie $3.800.000.Modern Times.This movie came in the year 1933 till 1936. The movie go on premiere on February 6, 1936. Charlie plays in this movie a tramp, he goes together with a unem ployed girl from the town and theyre sure everyone gets work. He spends a lot of time with another girl. He and the girl find a job and happiness. This movie brought up $1.500.000..A pair of Charlies films. (City lights, limelight, reservation a living. )City lights.City lights came out in the year 1931. For this movie get Charlie $1.500.000. In this movie is charlie a tramp , but he met a girl. He says to that girl , im a millionair. But later she find out that he isnt a millionair.Limelight.Limelight is a movie were many children of Charlie Chaplin in plays. In 1952 begon Charlie to write that story. Charlie write all his movies and directed them.Making a living.Charlies first movie was Making a Living and got in premiere on February 1914. This movie took about a quarter. Charlie knew little from the movies. He has a lot of humor. He thought that the director was nothing He didnt nothing good. He was very disappointed of the final results. Everything he was hoping to see in the movie , the director has got everything out. But the public liked the movie and recognized Charlie as a really good comic A countess from Hong kong.This was charlies last film, the movie was going out on January 5, 1967. Charlie got with this movie. $3,500,000.His last years Charlie lived the last years of his life in Switzerland.. In 1972 Charlie Chaplin got a oscar for his whole life. That Oscar called they a academy honari award. He got the longest applause in history from the oscars. , in 1975 charlie chaplin got knighted by queen Elizabeth. So he got a new name sir Charles Chaplin. And his wife became Lady Chaplin. Charlie Chaplin died in 1977,during the first Christmas night. He died of a cardiac smash he was 88 years old when he died. On March 8 , 1978 his body was stolen. The people who has stolen the body was tring to get ransom from Charlies wife , but the plan was failed. The body was found 11 weeks later by the leg of Geneve and later they buried Charlie under 180 cm concrete.How get charlie so famous ?Charlie Chaplin had always a derby on , that derby was to tight and he had shoes on they were to large, he always walked with a walkingstick. So came Charlie on stage. He didnt think he got so famous. But he knows that he was a tramp, that he wasnt so lucky. Later he told what the goosepas meant. , he had stolen that from a dronken man, he walked also like a goose with his feet going outside. If you think of the name Charlie Chaplin , the most people knows him from the movie The little tramp Whole the world loved him Everybody knows the dingy face of him and his humor. And so he didnt speak the people could understand him. Because the whole world likes him and so became very famous. He has make many movies , and became there awards for. So there are many quotes Charlie Chaplin said and we are still using then. As A day without laughter is a day wasted , In the end, everything is a gag and We think too much and feel too little.The Source ht tp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Countess_from_Hong_Konghttp//filmlegendes.punt.nl/?id=333733HYPERLINK http//filmlegendes.punt.nl/?id=333733r=1HYPERLINK http//filmlegendes.punt.nl/?id=333733r=1r=1http//www.ednapurviance.org/chaplininfo/chaplinfamily.htmlhttp//www.digischool.nl/ckv1/film/chaplin/stomme_films.htmhttp//www.09366.07sc.thinkquest.nl/stomme_films.htmhttp//www.movie2movie.nl/r61868-Recensie-Modern-Times.htmlhttp//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Times_(film)http//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Circushttp//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Dictatorhttp//www.charliechaplin.com/filmshttp//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplinhttp//www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/charlie_chaplin_2.htmlThe end

The History of Labour Day

The History of Labour DayOriginally called eight-hour day, aim day stands for the re modelation of the fight to shorten blend hours in the nineteenth century which was a movement that forever changed working conditions deeply impacting on the lives of workers for the future to come. The original cause of eight-hour day (labour day) was the fight for 8 hours of rest and diversionary attack to be given with 8 hours of work in an attempt to provide balance to workers between their work and personal lives as plead by the trade unionists who did non ask for extra money but rather more prison term which eventually lead to the 40-hour week known today. Over the divisions this historical spring was formed into the national holiday we know as labour day.Australia and New Zealand were the first to successfully implement and provide rights of recreation and rest to its labourers, leading the populace with Sydney at the labour movements core. Labour day and its creation all starting in the year 1855 as there was a great need present for stonemasons during great large scale building operations, provided by the influx of prosperity and wealth brought by the gold rush which meant large amounts of difficult labour for workers. During the kink of two structures which were identified as the church buildings of Holy Trinity Millers Point and the Mariners Church, workers participated in a construction standstill, hosting a 14 day strike in order to fight for balance in the work and personal lives of workers as they were most often expected to complete gruelling 10 hours of work everyday from Monday through to Friday and working a total of around 8 hours on Saturdays with an expected work week of around 58 hours per week of hard labour. In order to celebrate the victory previously experienced by workers and promote its campaign established in 1871, a picnic and march was held each year during the first weekend of October. Although efforts for the reduction of work hours started in 1871 the first ever holiday for its commandment was held in 1855, organised by a Balmain member and unionist named Jacob Garrard who was described as a member of the salvation army since 1896 who had been an inspired and good willed Methodist (a Methodist is described as a member of a segment of the Christian church which is aimed at and notorious for protesting and standing up for what they believe.) Jacob Garrard is a prime example of missionary and Christian influence, in this instance accountable for the advance(a) day labour movement.Despite the overweight Christian influence in the formation of the eight-hour campaign this fact regularly overlooked in the modern era by historians and recent generation, a terrifying fact highlighted by the labour leader Kevin Rudd. entirely as the Christians and missionaries responsible for the creation of the eight-hour day grave concerns are raised regarding the work hours of todays society as well through the raising of awaren ess and protection of those who may be venerable. Recent concerning statistics regarding modern labour highlighted the facts that over 60% of people start their jobs before 8am and end their shifts after 6pm during the workdays with 30% of Australias population spending time at their workplace on the weekends. Just as the workers protested for during the average of 22% of Australias population work more than 50 hours per week.The fight for a fair balance of work and free time has resurfaced with families working longer and more unpredictable and what is described as unsocial hours with subsequently less and less personal time away from work.Reasonings of large amounts of labour performed by workers can be categorised into sections of those who are passionate about their career who often struggle to balance their time spent at work and time they have for necessities such as socialising or much needed rest which commonly leads to irregular work and rest patterns. Included in the argu ing of people who are overworked are those who invest heavily in the improvement of their position and the progression of their workplace who without provided rest and recreation time would over work themselves and once again over look their personal time and vital time to rest. The other demographic of those who are over worked include those who have no other choice but require the financial aid of their profession, but due to the lack of personal time away from constant work provided by modern jobs.Modern work has been altered from the beliefs and rights fought for intensely throughout 1855. Recently workers, in order to receive an income labourers are forced to comply with their work hours as they cannot afford to be without a job, forced to work from early to late which dramatically impacts the social and personal lives of worker often causing adverse wellness effects and mental illnesses such as depression or anxiety.As listed perfectly in the holy bible those who work and are not drain to society are ones to be praised and encouraged. But it is important to remember that even God himself rested on the seventh day which truly is a augury of the importance of rest and time spent away from work which is portrait not only by the preachings of those fighting for fair work and rest propagation but through their actions as well.

Instrumentation Control: Resistance Temperature Detectors

Instrumentation Control Resistance Temperature DetectorsAbstractWithin manufacturing, process control is thorough in order to routinely produce high quality parts. Process control is an engineering discipline which can be defined as maintaining the output of a specific process within a desired range. 1Temperature regulation is omnipresent in the world we live, for example, e genuinely living creature has autonomous embodied functions to regulate temperature. Artificially, central heating systems work in the same way, the user sets the desired temperature and the system detects the current state and makes adjustments to the temperature.A opposition temperature detector (hereby referred to as an RTD) is a temperature sensor which exploits the basic principles of science to play a key role in process control.1. Literature ReviewAn RTD is a temperature sensor which contains a resistive element. As the elements temperature changes so does its value of electrical resistance. It is thi s predictable stead which enables us to control the temperature of a chosen substance or environment. RTDs are vigorous known for their truth, stability and repeatability. The electrical resistance related to the variation of temperature is given as the Callendar-Van Dusen equationWithin a basic RTD the change in resistance of the element is small in comparison to the change in temperature. Therefore a bridge circuit is used to allow the measuring of the voltage recede across the resistor when applying a small constant current. Once the sensing element (see figure 1, below) has been placed where the temperature needs to be monitored or controlled, it will do thermal equilibrium with its environment. At that temperature, the element will exhibit a certain value of resistance, this resistance is calculated and converted into a temperature which is fed prat to the end user. Any change to the temperature of the environment will be represented by the change in electrical resistance of the RTD.There are louver different construction variants of RTD elements, these overwhelmCarbon resistor elements- these elements are cheap and popular. At low temperatures these elements are at their well-nigh reliable and are exceedingly reproducible. Another advantage is that carbon resistor elements often dont suffer from hysteresis.Strain free elements- used in SPRTs (the highest accuracy of all RTDs) and can work up to 961.78C. These elements consist of a wire coil surrounded by inert gas.Thin film elements- a very thin layer of resistive stuff is deposited onto a ceramic substratum and coated in epoxy. These elements are not as stable as wire-wound or coiled elements, and they are only legal over a small temperature range. However they are smaller and cheaper than the standard wire-wound elements.Wire-wound elements- have a greater accuracy over wider temperature ranges. They consist of a duration of pure metal in the form of a wire, usually wrapped around a glass o r ceramic core. The elements are usually very fragile, and therefore, need protecting with a sheath. The diameter of the coil minimises the strain on the element by compromising between mechanical stability and expansion of the material. turn elements- currently the technology of choice, replacing wire-wound elements. They consist of a stress free design which lets the coil expand and contract freely as the temperature changes. The housing is do from ceramic oxide and the coils are threaded through bores, which are packed with fine ceramic powder. These elements are effective up to 850C.The most common materials used as RTD elements are platinum, atomic number 28, copper, balco and tungsten. Platinum is the most popular due to it being very repeatable and quite sensitive, balco and tungsten are very rarely used. Platinum, copper and nickel have temperature ranges of 650C, 300C and 120C respectively and exhibit strong linear properties over a wide range of temperature. (see figure 2, below).2. PT100 SensorsThe most common type of RTD used within industry is the PT100. This RTD has an element of pure platinum and has an electrical resistance of 100 at 0C, hence the key PT100. The resistance of a typical PT100 RTD changes at 0.39 per 1C.2.1 Wiring VariationsTwo wire castAs the name suggests, this PT100 RTD uses two wires. However this configuration does include a possible root word of error where the resistance of the connecting wires is added to the resistance of the sensor. Should a company or individual choose this configuration they can combat this source of error by mounting a temperature transmitter close to the element. This configuration is best used when high accuracy is not required.Three wire configurationThe three wire configuration is the most widely used minimises the effects of the lead resistances. The two leads to the sensor are on adjoining arms, in each arm there is a lead resistance which is cancelled out if the two lead resistances are a ccurately the same.Four wire configurationThe accuracy of the measurement of resistance is increased by using the four-wire configuration. Voltage drop in the measuring leads is eliminated using four- terminalinal sensing.2.2 Properties of PT100 RTDs2.2.1 PrecisionPT100 RTDs are extremely precise. A leeway of 0.75C is applied up to 300C, for temperatures between 700C and 800C a tolerance of 1% is applied.2.2.2 StabilityA PT100 RTD has a long term stability of around 0.2% of the 0% value over a 1000 hour (one year span). This test was conducted in special ovens with look heated to 800C. This property is arguably the greatest property of an RTD.2.2.3 Speed of ResponseSpeed of response is measured by submerging the PT100 sensor in water or air moving at 1 m/s with a 63.2% step change (see figure x). Thermo-electra show that the response metre for one of their PT100 sensors are as follows 5Resistance -element mineral insulatedResistance-element with protection tube and insertDiameter3 -6mm9mmInsertion length100-500mm100-150mmResponse time in water (s)0.6-430Response time in air (s)26-551403. References1 B.R. Mehta, Y. Jaganmohan Reddy. (2014). Batch Automation Systems. In B.R. Mehta, Y. Jaganmohan Reddy Industrial Process Automation Systems Design and Implementation. - Butterworth-Heinemann. 135.2 Correge. (). Head- or cable type mineral insulated probes. purchasable http//www.correge.fr/rtd-sensor-mineral-insulated.html. Last accessed 11th Dec 2016.3 Various. (2016). Resistance Thermometer. Available https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_thermometer. Last accessed 21/12/2016.4 Acromag. (2011). CRITERIA FOR TEMPERATURE SENSOR SELECTION OF T/C AND RTD SENSOR TYPES . Available https//www.acromag.com/sites/ thoughtlessness/files/RTD_Temperature_Measurement_917A.pdf. Last accessed 21/12/2016.5 Thermo-electra. (-). Sensor Response Times. Available http//www.thermo-electra.com/en/producten/technische-informatie/response-times. Last accessed 21/12/2016.6 electrical4u . (2012). Resistance Temperature Detector or RTD Construction and working(a) Principle. Available http//www.electrical4u.com/resistance-temperature-detector-or-rtd-construction-and-working-principle/. Last accessed 22/12/2016.

Hunter S. Tompson and Gonzo Journalism Essay -- Gonzo Journalism Argum

hunter S. Tompson and Gonzo Journalism In the late sixties a young journalist and free lance novelist named Hunter S. Thompson (HST) emerged with a new, crazed and exaggerated brand of reporting. It was sooner or later referred to as Gonzo. HSTs own definition of gonzo has varied over the years, moreover he still maintains that a good gonzo journalist needs the talent of a master journalist, the eye of an artist/photographer and the heavy balls of an actor and that gonzo is a style of reporting based on William Faulkners idea that the best fiction is far more true than any kind of news media(Carroll, pageboy 192). Gonzo journalism has also been referred to as outlaw journalism, new journalism, alternative journalism, literary cubism, and other words better not repeated here. With such high pen stages for his writings in Rolling Stone Magazine, The San Francisco Chronicle, Esquire and Vanity Fair, HST has proven that his exaggerated gonzo journalism is as relevant (or even more so) than that of conventional journalists. In this essay, the conception and development of gonzo journalism and its relevance to media and reporting will be thoroughly explored. Dr Hunter S. Thompson is a man of great wit and charisma. He is 62 tall, and, due to the fact that one leg is longer than the other, he tends to bob back and forth. He is apparently always thirsty, and his favorite drinks are known to be Wild Turkey and Chivas Regal. Besides being a writer and failed politician, HST is also a collector of peacocks and guns. HST is also happily divorced with one son, Juan. Dr Thompsons journalism career began in the occasional columns of small town newspapers, but because of differences in personality, opinion and style, he did... ...elevant as any other anchormans daily news report.BibliographyCarrol, Jean E. Hunter The Strange and Savage life of Hunter S. Thompson.New York Plume, 1993Thompson, Hunter S. The Great Shark Hunt.New York Fawcett Popular Librar y, 1980Thompson, Hunter S. worry and Loathing in Las Vegas A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. New York Vintage Books, July 1989Thompson, Hunter S. Songs of the Doomed More Notes on the Death of the American Dream. New York Summit, 1990Thompson, Hunter S. Better Than Sex Confessions of a Political Junkie. New York Ballantine, 1994Thompson, Hunter S. Generation Swine Tales of Shame and Degradation in the 80s.New York Summit, 1988Thompson, Hunter S. The Curse of Lono.New York Bantam, 1983Wolfe, Tom The New Journalism.New York Harper & Row, 1973