Cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Cities - Essay Example Therefore to fulfill these requirements people come together and build a city where they facilitate every possible requirement of human nature. What makes a place a city are the people who live there, their interactions and activities. It’s not only perceived as a gathering of millions of people but also by the constructions and infrastructure designed for man’s feasibility and convenience. Kevin Lynch describes an environmental image in three components: identity, structure and the meaning. The identity for which the city is known and distinguished, the structure- how it is build and designed and then the meaning is the relation people have with it (Lynch, 1960). In 18000 only 3% of the world population lived in the urban areas; However, by 1900, 14% were urbanites. With time the percentage increased and today we have urbanized the maximum possible earth and with the rate of population increasing the entire world would be urbanized soon. Cities are known as a place of opportunities where money, services employment are centralized. In rural areas it is difficult for people to achieve the requirements the way they can in cities. Living in cities facilitates people with numerous opportunities, luxuries and diversities like transportation, education and jobs. It is an established place where one can actually promote his way towards success. Business generates the demand of labor which eventually results in employment to bag money. People in rural areas have low income and huge families to make both ends meet they need money for which they belief city is a better place. For instance a farmer or a fisherman might not pull that money in a rural area as compared to that he can in city (Scott, 1981). City provides them with the opportunity of variety of jobs to all calipers of people. A reason to this is also the population density in urban areas, more people have numerous demands

Master of International Business Essay Example for Free

Master of International Business Essay What is inventory turnover? How can a high inventory turnover ratio be detrimental to a firm? Inventory turnover refers to the number of times that inventory is sold in a one year period. It can be calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold for a particular period by the average inventory for that period. High inventory turnover may signal a low level of inventories, which can increase the chance of product stockouts. 2. Distinguish among cycle, safety, pipeline, and speculative stock. Cycle (base) stock refers to inventory that is needed to satisfy normal demand during the course of an order cycle. Safety (buffer) stock refers to inventory that is held in addition to cycle stock to guard against uncertainty in demand and/or lead time. Pipeline (in-transit) stock is inventory that is en route between various nodes in a logistics system, while speculative stock is inventory that is held for several reasons to include seasonal demand, projected price increases, and potential product shortages. 3. Define what is meant by inventory carrying costs. What are some of its main components? Inventory carrying costs refer to the costs associated with holding inventory. Inventory carrying costs consist of a number of different components, and their importance can vary from product to product. These components include obsolescence costs, shrinkage costs, storage costs, taxes, and interest costs. 4. Discuss the concept of stockout costs. How can a stockout cost be calculated? Stockouts refer to situations where customers demand items that are not immediately available and stockout costs refer to the costs associated with not having items available. Calculation of a stockout cost first requires a company to classify potential customer responses to a stockout (e. g. , delays the purchase, lost sale, lost customer). Next, the company needs to assign probabilities to the various responses as well as to assign monetary losses to the various responses. The respective probabilities and losses are multiplied together and then all costs are summed to yield an average cost of stockout. 5. Distinguish between a fixed order quantity and fixed order interval system. Which one generally requires more safety stock? Why? In a fixed order quantity system, the order size stays constant (although the time interval between orders may vary); in a fixed order interval system, the time interval is constant (although the order size may vary). The infrequency of inventory monitoring makes a fixed order interval system more susceptible to stockouts and thus there is likely to be higher levels of safety stock in a fixed order interval system. 6. Explain the logic of the EOQ model. The logic of the EOQ model is as follows: determining an order quantity requires a company to balance two costs; the costs of carrying the inventory and the costs of ordering it. Inventory carrying costs are in direct proportion to order size; that is, the larger the order, the greater the inventory carrying costs. Ordering costs, by contrast, tend to decline with order size but not in a linear fashion. The EOQ attempts to find the point (quantity) at which ordering costs equals carrying costs. 7. How can inventory flow diagrams be useful to a logistics manager? They present a visual depiction of additions to, and subtractions from, inventory. This could be helpful in identifying any patterns that might be occurring. In addition, inventory flow examples illustrate how safety stock can offset an increased rate of demand as well as longer than normal replenishment cycles. 8. Discuss what is meant by ABC analysis of inventory. What are several measures that can be used to determine ABC status? ABC analysis is an approach that recognizes all inventories are not of equal value to a firm and, as a result, all inventory should not be managed in the same way. Measures that can be used to determine ABC status include sales volume in dollars, sales volume in units, the fastest selling items, item profitability, or item importance. . What are implications of the JIT approach for supply chain management? The consequences of JIT actually go far beyond inventory management and JIT has important implications for supply chain efficiency. One implication is that suppliers must deliver high quality materials to the production line, in part because of JIT’s emphasis on low (no) safety stock. Moreover, because customers in a JIT system tend to place smaller, more frequent orders, it is imperative that suppliers’ order systems are capable of handling an increased number of orders in an error-free fashion. Smaller, more frequent orders, coupled with close supplier location, tend to favor truck as a mode of transportation and this means that production and distribution facilities should be designed to support truck shipments. 10. How does vendor-managed inventory differ from traditional inventory management? In â€Å"traditional† inventory management, the size and timing of replenishment orders are the responsibility of the party using the inventory. Under vendor-managed inventory, by contrast, the size and timing of replenishment orders are the responsibility of the manufacturer. This represents a huge philosophical shift for some organizations in the sense that they are allowing another party to have control over their inventories and this requires a great deal of trust among the various parties. 11. Do substitute items or complementary items present the greater managerial challenge? Support your answer. Either answer would be acceptable. Students should recognize that both substitute items and complementary items present managerial challenges, but the nature of these challenges is different. For instance, one challenge with substitute items might be the amount of product to hold; a challenge with complementary items might be product placement in a retail outlet. 12. Define what it meant by dead inventory. What are several ways to manage it? Dead inventory refers to product for which there is no demand—at least under current marketing practices. Because dead inventory has often been associated with overproduction of items that customers do not want (or need), one suggestion would be make to order as opposed to make to stock. Having said this, an increasing source of dead stock in recent years involves special, highly customized orders that never end up with the customer. Suggestions for dealing with this situation include partial (or full) prepayment as well as a no-return policy. Another suggestion is for companies to more aggressively market their dead stock, and companies might also sell dead inventory via auctions. Another possibility is to donate the dead inventory to charitable causes. A last resort is to simply throw away the dead inventory in order to free up storage space. 13. Explain how an SKU might have different meanings, depending on one’s position in the supply chain. A retailer, for example, might keep records in terms of individual items or case lots, while the warehouse that supplies the retailer may deal only with case lots or pallets loads of a product. In turn, the distributor that sells to warehouses may deal with only pallet loads or vehicle loads, and may only accept orders only for pallet loads or vehicle loads—and not case lots or individual items. 14. Why is it important for a manager to understand informal considerations with respect to inventory management? One reason is that the increasing quest for customer service and customer satisfaction is leading many companies to engage in informal considerations. Even though â€Å"formal† inventory analysis should not be ignored, they should not be applied without taking into account informal arrangements. The informal arrangements may not fit any â€Å"formal† inventory tenets, but many informal considerations tend to do an excellent job of satisfying customers. And, without customers, businesses are not going to be very successful. 15. Discuss some of the challenges that are associated with managing repair and replacement parts. One challenge is the difficulty in forecasting the demand for these products—when will products break down or fail? As such, it becomes challenging with respect to which parts to carry as well as the appropriate stocking levels for them. Another challenge involves the number of warehousing facilities to be used: Should the parts be more decentralized or more centralized? These and other challenges have caused some companies to outsource their repair/replacement parts business. 16. Which presents the greater reverse logistics challenge: (1) Returned items or (2) Refurbished and recycled products? Support your answer. As was the case with question 11, either answer is acceptable. Again, it is important to recognize that both present reverse logistics challenges—but the nature of the challenges is different. For example, there is unpredictability with respect to returned items, in terms of return rates and product content. Refurbishing and recycling, by contrast, are predicated on sufficient product volumes, which require adequate storage space. 17. What are substitute items and how might they affect safety stock policies? Substitute items refer to products that customers view as being able to fill the same need or want. With respect to safety stock policies, if a consumer has little hesitation in substituting another item for one that is out of stock, there would appear to be minimal penalties for a stockout. It is also important that companies understand substitution patterns in the sense that Product A may be a substitute for Product B, but the reverse may not be true. In such a situation, safety stock policies would need to reflect the appropriate relationships. 18. Which supply chain participant(s) should be responsible for managing inventory levels? Why? The key to this question is the word â€Å"managing. Although various inventory approaches may require certain select participants to maintain the inventory, supply-chain effectiveness and efficiency would argue that all supply chain participants should be involved with managing inventory levels. Because the supply chain is a system, one company’s inventory policies and practices can impact the other members of the supply chain. Failure to consider these other participants when setting inventory policies and practices could lead to dysfunctional consequences. 19. Should inventories be considered investments? Why? The text suggests that inventories should be considered investments. Carrying costs for inventories can be significant; the return on investment to a firm for its funds tied up in inventory should be as high as the return it can obtain from other, equally risky uses of the same funds. 20. Since the mid-1990s, many beer and soft-drink cans and bottles have contained a freshness date stamped on them to indicate the latest date that the product should be consumed. What problems might such a system cause for the people responsible for managing such inventories? Discuss. There are a variety of possible answers to this question. One consideration is that product needs to be in places where it can be bought prior to the expiration date. At a minimum, this means that companies need to be able to identify individual products, locate the products, and move the products to the appropriate place(s). The oldest inventory should be â€Å"turned† before other inventory. Another consideration involves what to do with expired product, a situation that brings into play reverse logistics considerations.

Symbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding Essay -- essays res

Symbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding In his classic novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses many elements of symbolism to help the readers gain a greater understanding of his message. Symbolism can be anything, a person, place, or thing, used to portray something beyond its self. It is used to represent or foreshadow the conclusion of the story. As one reads this novel, he or she will begin to recognize the way basic civilization is slowly stripped away from the boys as conflict between civilization and savagery arises. The conch shell represents power and authority. Whoever has the shell has the power to talk. The conch shows how people use objects to give power, like a crown. "Conch?" "That's what this shell's called. I'll give the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when he's speaking (pg.33)." This shows that whoever holds the conch during meetings gets to speak At these meetings a sense of order is instilled because the boys have to wait until they hold the conch to speak. The conch becomes a powerful symbol of civilization. "By the time Ralph had finished blowing the conch the platform was crowded." (Golding, 32) Ralph shows his leadership abilities as he recognizes the use of the conch. Ralph begins to take leadership over the boys by setting rules as using the conch to let everyone have a turn to speak. Another symbol of strength and command is the fire. As long as the fire is well maintained, the b...

Changing the World in Milton’s Paradise Lost and Cavendish’s The Blazin

Changing the World in Milton’s Paradise Lost and Cavendish’s The Blazing World It only takes one person or one event to change the course of the world. Eve changes the world and the course of humanity when she eats from the tree of knowledge in John Milton’s Paradise Lost. In Margaret Cavendish’s The Blazing World, the Empress single-handedly changes the world she rules for the worse, and then changes it back again. The message is that our worlds are not fixed; they are ever changing—fickle and subject to one event or action. Humans must realize that the actions of even one person can produce world-altering effects. The film Pleasantville demonstrates this idea. In the film, David, an unpopular and unhappy teenager in a post-lapsarian world, idealizes the life he sees in reruns of a black and white fifties television show called Pleasantville. After a visit from a mysterious television repairman, David and his sister Jennifer are transported into the show and into the lives of the characters Bud and Mary Sue. Jennifer, now known as Mary Sue, hates her new colorless existence, and sets about to change the town of Pleasantville. Her actions and ideas lead to the introduction of passion into Pleasantville, creating a whole new world-view for these naà ¯ve citizens. Mary Sue’s actions, at first scorned by her brother, now known as Bud, soon begin to change him, too. He leaves his unpopular, passionless existence behind, and finds the same pleasure in the discovery of passion as do the Pleasantville citizens. Mary Sue, who once scorned Bud for his love of Pleasantville’s depiction of a worry-free fifties life, now understands the virtues of that life; she begins reading and goes to college. Bud and Mary Sue chan... ...erence in the world, but I have found that even one person not eating meat saves thousands of animals and hundreds of acres of rainforest, and prevents an immeasurable amount of environmental degradation. Besides, according to Milton, Adam and Eve were vegetarians! Milton and Cavendish both give examples of a world being changed by the actions of one person. Interestingly, Adam and Eve’s world and the Empress’s world were perfect before they were changed. Today, our world is far from Eden or Paradise, and we are constantly bombarded with changes—sometimes for the better, sometimes for the worse. Our responsibility, a lesson we can take from Paradise Lost and The Blazing World, is that all of our actions have an effect. We must make sure that the effect is desirable and beneficial to all of humanity, and remember that it just takes one to make the change.

‘Lord of the Flies’ by William Golding Essay

‘Lord of the Flies’ by William Golding describes a group of schoolboys’ means of life when they become stranded on a desert island after a plane crash which killed all other passengers and crew, with only vast jungle and sandy shores around them. During their unusual experience, one of the main characters – Ralph – learns thing about himself and the others that no other twelve year old would ever imagine. With â€Å"a mildness about his mouth and eyes that proclaimed no evil†, Ralph seems the laid-back sort, confident and trustworthy. Although when he first meets Piggy, another schoolboy, this all changes and the immaturity of a typical child of his age shines through. When finding out that his new friend used to be nicknamed ‘Piggy’ as a result of his short and fat appearance, â€Å"he dived in the sand at Piggy’s feet and lay there laughing.† Ralph thinks of Piggy as a paranoid wimp, and relishes in the fact that they have a whole island to roam around on, with no grown-ups to tell them what to do. Piggy, however, instantly realises the severity of what has happened, and panics at the thought of the future: â€Å"We may stay here till we die.† As far Ralph is concerned, the island is paradise. He is glad when he meets Jack, another one of the bunch of schoolboys with an obsession for hunting, but who is out to have fun on the island. Things get off to a good start, but when their new way of life descends into disaster, Ralph’s relationship with Piggy grows as it comes clear that Piggy is actually a very wise person, and Ralph’s relationship with Jack turns to rivalry, Ralph finds himself having to grow up quickly and reinforce his position as leader to restore civilisation – a fast fading luxury: â€Å"We need an assembly. Not for fun†¦..but to put things straight.† When Jack becomes fed up with Ralph’s rules and leadership tactics, he decides to break away from the crowd and forms his own tribe of ‘hunters.’ By this point Ralph grows aware that trying to persuade them to stay with his tribe, he is fighting a losing battle, and discovers that he may not be as good a leader as he thought he would be: â€Å"Only, decided Ralph as he faced the chief’s seat, I can’t think. Not like Piggy.† The death of Simon, a quiet, subdued fellow schoolboy, really disturbs Ralph, as he faces up to reality. Simon’s death was a consequence of Jack’s tribe getting overexcited about â€Å"the beast† and was a mistaken identity case involving the beach, many spears, and a chorus of youngsters wildly chanting â€Å"Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood! Do him in!† The realisation of the awfulness that occurred affects all of the boys not in Jack’s tribe, and in a moment of sheer alarm, Ralph almost snaps: â€Å"That was murder.† Piggy, now the most faithful and loyal friend Ralph has left on the island, can’t bear to even think about it, let alone discuss it: â€Å"You stop it! What good’re you doing walking like that?† By this time, the relationship between Ralph and Jack has deteriorated so much that bitterness from power-possessed Jack is all that is left. By the end of the novel, it is clear that the relationship between Ralph and Jack has no amiability in it whatsoever. The power and authority that Jack enforces over his tribe portrays him as a king to the reader: â€Å"Power lay in the brown swell of his forearms; authority sat on his shoulders and chatted in his ear like an ape.† After Simon’s untimely death, Jack and his tribe seem somewhat unaffected by what they have done, and become even more uncivilised, to the extent that they cause another shocking and unexpected death. Piggy is killed by a rock that Roger pushes over the edge of the cliff, near the beach. This event shows just how disconnected with reality Jack and his tribe have become, and now Ralph is on his own. His only friend’s death has made him now completely alone and so vulnerable. Ralph feels like he is the only one left with any sense of the real world. The shock of what has happened since they first explored the island scares Ralph and fear of the future kicks in. â€Å"These painted savages would go further and further. Then there was that indefinable connection between himself and Jack; who therefore would never let him alone; never.† Jack discovers that Jack and his tribe are planning to kill him the next day, and now survival is the only thing that matters to Ralph. Realisation of his desperate situation comes to Ralph when he is told by one of the twins â€Å"Listen, Ralph. Never mind what’s sense. That’s gone.† A lonely, terrified, weak and exhausted Ralph wakes the next day to noises of every other child on the island hunting him down. They set fire to the island and eventually locate Ralph, and then the chase begins. Ralph reaches the end of island, and the end of his sanity. He literally runs into a naval officer and recognition of everything hits the twelve year old. Shock of the circumstances is all too much for Ralph to bear, and he falls to his knees and breaks down. â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of a man’s heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy.† Ralph takes responsibility for the chaos and collapse of civilisation, as he believes that if he had been a better leader, none of this would have happened. He realises just how far things can go when there is no order imposed, and that he alone couldn’t change that. Throughout the novel, Ralph makes a journey towards self-discovery, and witnesses behaviour no other person, like the naval officer, would believe if he explained them. His relationships with the other two main characters influence the horrific events that took place on the island, and at the end of ‘Lord of the Flies’ Ralph sees that man can lose all sense of civilisation when no rules and order are in place.

Innovation Planning and Design

The ever-changing marketplace in the business world imposes greatchallenges for the company to maintain stability, productivity andprofitability in the industry. In order to keep track on the competitiveenvironment, every company should develop innovation to acquirecompetitive advantage. However, acquiring just a competitive advantage willonly be for the meantime due to the fast development of technology, totalmodernization of the market and rapid changes of customer preferences. Innovators shall foresee these factors to combat with its competitors for it tobe successful, making innovation an essential factor for company growth. Innovations do vary in many aspects. It may take the risk of combiningdifferent types of innovation. Determining businesses whether they are mayresult to hiding their significant distinctions. The most importantcategorizations one may consider among the many developed are aclassification according to innovation type, the innovation degree and courseof sustainability (Zakic, Jovanovic, & Stamatovic, 2008). Companies may decide which part of the businessdesign needsinnovatingsuch as products or processes or a combination of both. Single approach can be simple, less time consuming process compared to combinedapproach which is more involved, complicated and may be time consuming and requires substantial effort for it to be effective. Whatever process that is chosen, it will always create specialization which is advantageous to have specialized kind of innovation. Moderncompanies carefully apply options advised by experts that are suitable forits position and business model. Innovations shall be thoroughlyinvestigated and studied in order to achieve and meet the company’sobjective. Creating and developing their potentiality, designating theresources, and creating partnerships in accordance with this choice are vitalto success (Zakic, Jovanovic, & Stamatovic, 2008). In varying options comes difference between processes and productsinnovation. To be able to establish successful innovative strategies andstrategic planning, understanding the differences and influence of differentfactor and its effect in business leadership structure is important. It is of utmost importance to explore all possible options to acquire different inputs. This process will ensure the verification of certain conclusion to helpleadership identify the appropriate method to innovation (Almirall &Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Innovation Systems Design Recent market concept on the business world has produced anuntamed environment. The company’s advantages do not last too long dueto tight competitions that never cease to advance and overcome the market. With these tight competitions, most businesses have created a sheer pricewar just to maintain and gain customers (Herrmann & Gunter, 2004). It is therefore vital in the process for the companies to be aware of theefficient methods to design and use innovative efforts considering thesecurrent market situations. Remember that each product you serve in themarket, it goes with it your name. How customers perceive the product orservices is significant. Most customers often choose the products or servicesthat are appealing to their eyes. It also includes factors like product package,how the product is designed, and even POS system design. What messagesor ideas the product conveys to the customers are also factors. Image of thebrand and market share are determined by these factors. Discerning yourinnovative products and market perception to them is one important groundin determining business' success (Herrmann & Gunter, 2004). With the tight competition in the business industry, each companyattempts to beat its competitors. Businesses are set forinnovation, however, they often lack focus on innovating their marketing designtechniques. This lack of focus is the reason for short time competitiveadvantage. Recent research reveals that a number of small to medium sizedcompanies in the electronics industry have received governmentgrants in order to promote growth in innovative techniques and processes. Some of these were successful. However this implies that most innovativeprocesses manage to be only temporary solution as most small businessesare unable to continue long term innovative processes (Herrmann & Gunter, 2004). Innovative processes have to be executed and followed accordingly. Those innovation grants were able to magnify thebusiness with growth to those companies involved. However, it did not result with an increase in profits and productivity. Foreseeing these circumstances,innovation systems show that the entire company should be nvolved in theprocess and utilizing your assets to fully maximize your potential in makinginnovative products and management styles (Herrmann & Gunter, 2004). Steps to Innovative Process There certain steps needed during the innovative process when creating and implementing an innovation to any business. 1. Determine the Challenge: The start of innovation process isdetermining the challenge, problem, or goal that needs to be solved. 2. Teamwor k: This step utilizes your intellectual assets wherein all partiesparticipate in a brainstorming event to discuss and debate how to fix theinnovation challenge. Combination: All of these ideas discussed in the brainstorming eventare summarized. 4. Assessment: The summary of all the ideas are evaluated and the bestsolution will be chosen by the business leaders with the relevant businessexperience. 5. Research and Development: The chosen solutions undergoes researchand development to determine whether the processes are attainable and willyield a result favorable to the company like increase in profits, businessexpansion and market share. 6. Implementation: Executing the ideas into the team and bring them toreality. . Review: Consider the data generated from the feedback, leadership,and business results regarding how the process was working. 8. Recycle: New challenges are imposed by the review. Consider thesechallenges and start again with the process (now Europe, 2009). For the business to maintain on top, the company shall be in acontinuous process of innovating to maintain creative, business and leadership innovation. This is so recommended considering how the global economic marketplace dances to the tune of tightcompetition. The innovation must be part of the business’s system toprevent unstable progress and share losses. To counter the ever-changingmarketplace and customer demand, innovation must remainconstant (Barsh, Capozzi, & Davidson, 2008). Conclusion The concept of innovation hasbeen in the business system for centuries. However, today, it has become aprerequisite to business growth and prosperity. While in the past, a companydared to innovate just to make an edge to the industry, nowadays, it becamean essential factor in business design for the company to survive and profit. The company shall implement, maintain innovation, and make anenvironment that encourages innovation. The company's workforce is avaluable asset to allowing their process to happen and the use of theseassets is beneficial to the process in various ways. This approach is sosignificant that even those business that have been in the around fordecades and reshaping theirfundamental principles and business values to create an innovativeenvironment. If a company desires to survive today's market competition, it has to produce an innovation culture and use its assets to be competitive and maintain profitability.

Thesis (Parking Area in the State University)

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Rationale Every individual has only one life; so, it must be protected from any forms of accidents that may cause death. Accidents can happen anywhere at anytime and could happen unexpectedly. There are accidents that happen due to negligence of both the victim and the offender. The NORSU-BSC Campus is a school where motor vehicles are allowed to get in and out of the campus. There are owners of motor vehicles who are roaming around the campus even during classes and with tampered mufflers which destruct classes. Moreover, some motor vehicles are parked anywhere or even along the pathways where they cause problems to many. This indiscriminate parking activity is not desired for a university that promotes good image and sets as an example of peace and orderliness to the public. It is along this line that the researchers who are future implementers of school rules and regulations would like to find out the volume of these motor vehicles entering the campus, and to identify the problems caused by indiscriminate parking. The findings of this study would help NORSU-BSC in designing a parking area to avoid problems and untoward accidents brought about by indiscriminate parking. Statement of the Problem This study would like to identify the indiscriminate parking of motor vehicles in Negros Oriental State University, Bayawan City. It sought to answer the following ques-tions: 1. )What is the profile of the respondents in terms of 1. 1. Sex; 1. 2. Age; and 1. 3. Course? 2. )What is the volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus? 3. What are the observed usual parking areas of motor vehicles? 4. )What are the reasons in choosing parking areas for motor vehicles? 5. )What are the problems caused by the existing parking preferences of motor vehicle owners (indiscriminate parking)? Significance of the Study Negros Oriental State University, Bayawan Sta. Catalina Campus comprises four colleges with growing enrolment each year. With an increase in enrolment also comes an increase in the volume of vehicles that come and go, entering and leaving the campus everyday. This daily routine of students and teachers has created a problem as to the most appropriate area for parking motor vehicle. This being the case, the researchers who are students in Criminology have embarked in conducting a study on the indiscriminate park-ing of motor vehicles in the campus, the result of which shall prove beneficial to the Uni-versity and the clientele, students, visitors, and the faculty and staff who own motor ve-hicles that enter and leave the campus on a temporary or permanent basis daily. To have a proper parking area of motor vehicles in the school campus brings ad-vantages. First, it can eliminate the disturbance of classes because of the noisy sound mufflers of the motor vehicles. Second, it can avoid accidents inside the school premises. Third, it can make the criminology students vigilant of their duties as implementers in preparation for their professional jobs. Lastly, it can give peace of mind to owners if their motor vehicles are parked properly. This study would also benefit the following: NORSU. The result of this study would help the administration plan a parking area for motor vehicles of both the students and the faculty and staff. Motorists. This would help the motorists secure their motor vehicles by parking them in a designated area. Students. The students would be safe from any accidents resulting in indiscriminate park-ing and pathways are safe for them. NORSU BSC Campus. The NORSU campus would have a peaceful and orderly environ-ment since the motor vehicles are parked in their designated parking area. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study is limited only to the responses of the students, faculty and staff of Ne-gros Oriental State University, Bayawan City Campus who are wners of motor vehicles and are getting in and out of the school campus. This study started last August 2010 and ends on November 2010. Definition of Terms The following terms are defined to facilitate understanding of concepts and terms used in the study: Criminology Student. A student of NORSU–BSC who can be the implementers of the school rules and regulations especially in the proper parking of motor vehicles. Faculty and Staff. The school personnel who are teaching and are non-teaching who own motor vehicles that are coming in and out of the school campus of NORSU-BSC. Indiscriminate Parking. Refers to a vehicle parked anywhere in the campus preferred by the motor vehicle owner. Motor Vehicles. Any vehicles propelled by any power other than muscular power using the public highway, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street- sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mower, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used only in public highways, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, tractors, and trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes. Parking. The area where most of the motor vehicles have been brought to stop on shoulder or proper edge of a highway or pathway, and remain in active in that place or close thereto for an appreciable period of time. Parking Area. An area where the motor vehicles are parked in a designated area. Stopping. The motor vehicles have been brought to a stop on shoulder or proper edge of a highway or pathway, and remain in active in that place or close thereto for an appreciable period of time. Undesignated Parking Area. An area where the owners park their motor vehicles in their preferred areas. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY This study is anchored on the Classical Theory by Dr. Cesare Lombroso. He argued the study and treatment of the offenders as an individual, rather than of focusing attention on the abstract crime in the classical manner. He generally supported reformatory treat-ment of all prisoners except born criminals. It established the fact that 18th century law was generally administered within the basis of corruption, arbitrariness and cruelty. Under the way for reformation, it was pointed out that criminal law remained and demonstrated what the faults were and the remedies might be. It advocated the restriction of the power of the judges through legislation which would provide penalties based on the calculated harm of the given crime o society. The classical theory regarded the criminal law as originating in torts or wrongs to individuals. According to this theory, all wrongs produced efforts at self-redress in the injured parties and were therefore treated as injuries to particular individuals. Later, by a series of transi-tions, the group took charge of the transaction and the wrong to the state. This theory however, is inadequate for it assumes the priority of the individual to the group. . Human evolves in various ways to make its members conform and behave according the norms and standards set by them. These process takes forms institutionalized means of making laws by the implementers. The manifestations of punishes in a particular conduct because it is believed harmful to permit such conduct to exist or continue. Some instances even though the dependant did not know nor to untold to commit any wrong shall be penalized. Man is essentially a moral creature with an absolutely free will to choose between good and evil and therefore more stress upon the criminal himself and also basic criminal liability is human free will and the purpose of penalty is retribution. Endeavor to establish a Mechanical and Proportion between crime and penalty Since man and lunatics cannot calculate pleasure and pain they should be regarded as criminal or to be punished. Man composes the nation, and this nation in order to continue its existence, has to police itself, set up rules and regulations for itself in order to guide and educate its inhabitants. Because of the systematic movements and activities done by the people, who at the same time governmenting themselves, the so called came into existence could not exist in a group of people who are living in a territory unless they govern-themselves with rules and regulations. If they are not able to establish peace and order among themselves, the law of the jungle would prevail, these means that only the fit will survive. But man is higher than animals and plants. He is wise and uses his power to think unlike the animals and plants that are only governed by their instinct. So, in order to preserve and mankind, he has to iscipline himself and live in accordance with the rules and regulations he himself had established in the society. Human behavior swayed by the ideals which emerged in their daily life. Conse-quently, they give greater emphasis to the prevention of crime and to measures designed to protect society. Ideas of moral guilt and the categorization of crimes gave way to reco gnition of environmental influences and individual differences among offenders. Classification of criminals were based on their behavior or characteristics in terms of physique, heredity, psychology, and environment. CLASSICAL THEORY (Dr. Cesare Lombroso) Figure 1. The Theoretical Framework of the Study CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY The conceptual framework describes the flow and direction of this study. In the independent variables, the researchers identified the profile of the respondents and the problems encountered by indiscriminate parking of motor vehicles in NORSU-BSC. The dependent variables are the result of the study conducted. 1. ) Profile of the respondents 1. 1 Age; 1. 2 Sex; and 1. 3 Course 2. ) Volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus. . ) Common areas where indiscriminate parking is observed. 4. ) Reason for indiscriminate parking. 5. ) Problems encountered by indiscriminate parking. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES Designated common parking area of motor vehicles in NORSU-BSC Assessment of indiscriminate parking of motor vehicles in NORSU-BSC. Figure 2: The Conceptual Framework of the Study RELATED LITERATURE The University of Bradley is a school where parking of motor vehicles is strictly implemented. Any motor vehicle parked on university property in regulated spaces must display a valid Bradley University parking permit or pass. The type of permit indicates the areas where the vehicle may be parked. Any vehicle which has accumulated six (6) or more unpaid parking citations or which inhibits traffic flow, hampers fire protection, is parked illegally in a reserved or handicapped space, blocks handicapped access, displays a lost/stolen or forged/altered parking permit is subject to immediate towing and impoundment. Parking permits are required from 7:00 a. . to 7:00 p. m. , Monday through Friday. The Visitors lot is a reserved area. All faculty, staff and students are prohibited from parking within this area unless otherwise notified. These regulations are subject to change without notice when necessary to facilitate the parking or safety program of the University. When changes are necessary and have been approved by the University, an announcement will be made, if possible, in app ropriate university publications, prior to the effective date of the change. ([email  protected] du) Likewise, The University of the Pacific is a school wherein the rules and regula-tions about parking of motor vehicles is strictly imposed and well implemented. There are provisions that regulate the university and must be imposed by the Department of Public Safety without fear or favor. The provisions of the California Vehicle Code and University regulations issued by the Board of Regents of the University will be enforced by the Department of Public Safety on all property owned and/or operated by the University Parking and traffic regulations are established under the authority of Section 21113 of the California Vehicle Code. These regulations apply to all faculties, staff, students and visitors of the university and are intended to promote pedestrian and vehicular safety, make parking facilities available to all members of the campus community, ensure access at all times for ambulance, firefighting equipment and other emergency/service vehicles and provide proper collection of parking fees. All motor vehicles parked on university property must either have a properly authorized temporary parking permit which is displayed according to instructions on the permit or a valid annual decal. Vehicles displaying arking permits or decals which are improperly located are subject to citation. Permission to drive or park on university property may be denied by proper authority at anytime. Possession of a current parking permit or pass does not guarantee a parking space. The responsibility of locating a legal parking space in any given lot or street rests solely with the holder of the permit or pass. Vehicle Maintenan ce is not permitted on campus. Violators are subject to citations and charges for cleanup. Heavy fines are imposed for oil/petroleum products left on the roadways. The maximum speed limit on campus streets is 15 miles per hour for all vehicles. The parking lot speed limit is 10 miles per hour for all vehicles. No person shall drive, stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle whether attended or not, upon any drive-way, sidewalk, landscaped area or any area not marked for parking or in any other location that will obstruct the view of any sign posted by the Department of Public Safety. Vehicles can not be used as living quarters while parked on campus. Vehicles must be fully contained in the stalls/areas marked for parking. Diagonally and perpendicular parked vehicles must have one wheel within 18† of the curb. Both inside wheels of a parallel parked vehicle must have the wheels within 18† of the curb. All parking along roadways and areas not otherwise marked must be parallel and facing the direction of traffic. Visitors to the campus between 7:00 a. m to 5:00 p. m must display a temporary parking permit on their vehicle. If parking in the reserved visitor’s parking near the tower you must obtain a temporary parking permit from the tower lobby. Park Ur Self permit dispensers are located in front of the Faye Spanos Concert Hall and in the swimming pool parking lot. These permits are valid in â€Å"B† lots. ([email  protected] of the Pacific. com) Providing adequate parking facilities and the proper supervision of campus traffic is a major activity on university campuses throughout the United States. This is especially true at institutions like Southern Connecticut State University, where a large part of the student body commutes daily. To protect students and visitors to the university from automobile accidents, as well as to provide security for motor vehicles parked on the campus, the following rules and regulations must be observed. Failure to comply may lead to the issuance of a university parking ticket and/or a state motor vehicle infraction, the towing of the vehicle at the owner's expense, and when warranted, a disciplinary action by the university. The university reserves the right to tow or impound any vehicle that is illegally parked or parked in a way that constitutes a serious hazard, impedes vehicle or pedestrian movements, or impairs the operation of emergency equipment and/or the making of repairs. Owners will be required to pay all the costs involved in removing and impounding vehicles. In a spirit of cooperation with the New Haven and Hamden communities, students are asked not to park their vehicles on city streets in residential areas adjacent to the campus. ([email  protected] Connecticut State University. om) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The researchers focused on how the respondents park their motor vehicles in the absence of designated parking area. The researchers conducted a survey on the campus and listed down the chassis numbers or plate numbers, color and model of motor vehicles entering the school campus. The researchers used the listed motor vehicles as the basis to the number of respondents to be included of the study. Research Design In this study, the descriptive survey method was employed utilizing the ques-tionnaire as the main tool in gathering the data. The data were then treated statistically to give a scientific analysis. Research Environment This study was conducted at Negros Oriental State University Bayawan Sta. -Catalina campus. Research Respondents The respondents of this study were the motor vehicle owners getting inside the school campus and who parked motor vehicles indiscriminately. Research Sampling Table 1. 0 Number of Respondents RespondentsPopulation of the Respon-dentsPurposive Sampling (n) Faculty and Staff2525 Students132132 The researchers listed down the plate numbers or chassis numbers, color and model of the motor vehicles entering the school campus to have a basis of the number of respondents. There were 132 respondents from the student and 25 respondents from the faculty and staff. The over all total is 157 respondents who have motor vehicles in NOR-SU-BSC. The researchers used the purposive sampling method. Only owners of the listed chosen motor vehicle owners were considered the sample as respondents. Statistical Tool The researchers used the questionnaire as the statistical tool of the study. ORGANIZATIONAL OF THE STUDY Chapter 1 of this study presents the problem and its scope, the rationale of the study, statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms, theoretical framework of the study, conceptual framework of the study, related literature and related studies, research methodology which includes the research design, research instrument used and data gathering procedure of the study. Chapter 2 presents the analysis of the data. It also presents the different data. Chapter 3 encompasses the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations, which consist of the highlights of the findings, the conclusions and the recommendations drawn from the study. CHAPTER 2 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data and its finding in relation to the problem of this study. Table 2. 0 Profile of Students n=132 n= 25 ProfileStudentsFaculty f%f% SEX : Male12292. 421768 Female107. 58832 Total13225 AGE : 15-209571. 9700 21-253425. 76520 26-3032. 27832 31 above001248 Total13225 Course : BSIT4332. 8 BSCRIM4836. 36 INFOTECH1511. 36 COMSCI21. 15 BSED64. 57 BSA10. 76 BSHM96. 82 AMDNA10. 76 BSBA75. 30 Total132 Table 2. 0 on the preceding page shows the personal profile of the student respon-dents. In terms of Sex; there were 122 or 92. 42% male and 10 or 7. 58% female, and the faculty respondents. For sex; there were 17 or 68% male and 8 or 32% female. According to the responses, respo ndents were mostly males. The age bracket of the respondents was from 15-20, their average age frequency was 95 or 71. 97%, in the age average bracket of 21-25 years old had an average age fre-quency of 34 or 25. 6%, and the age bracket of 26-30 years old had an average frequency of 3 or 2. 27%. For the faculty, in the age bracket of 21-25 the average age frequency was 5 or 20%, in the age bracket 26-30 years old has an average age frequency was 8 or 32%, and that of the age bracket of 31 years old and above had the highest average age frequen-cy of 12 or 48%. In the courses of the respondents, there were 43 or 32. 58% in the BSIT, 48 or 36. 36% in the BSCrim, 15 or 11. 36% in the InfoTech, 2 or 1. 15% in the ComSci, 6 or 4. 55% in the BSED, 1 or 0. 76% in the BSA, 9 or 6. 82% in the BSHM, 1 or 0. 76% in the AMDNA, 7 or 5. 0% in the BSBA. Most of the respondents came from the Bachelor of Science in Criminology. Table 3. 0 Volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus n= 15 7 Registered Motor VehiclesTotal Number Faculty25 Students132 Total157 Table 3 shows the volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus which totaled to 157 motor vehicles, 25 motor vehicles coming from the faculty and 132 motor vehicles coming from the students. This totaled number volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus is bases of the researchers in spreading the questionnaires as the researchers sampling method in conducting the study. Table 4. 0 Common Observed Parking Areas of Motor Vehicles Faculty: n= 25 Students: n= 132 Parking areasf%f% Shady Areas1144%2216. 67 Near the room312%118. 33 Pathway Shoulders 14%10. 76 Accessible Parking Areas1040%9874. 2 Total25132 Table 4 shows that the faculty chose the area of parking in a shady area with a fre-quency of 11 and a percentage of 44% while students preferred accessible parking areas with a frequency of 98 and a percentage of 74. 24%. This shows that motorist failed to fol-low the temporary designated area for parking. They preferred for their personal conveni-ence. There were fewer responses on near the room and pathway shoulders as their parking areas. Table 5. 0 Reasons for Choosing Parking Areas Faculty: n= 25 Students: n= 132 Reasons for Parkingf%f% Near the Classroom3122418. 18 Safety17689874. 24 Accessibility520107. 58 Total25132 Table 5 shows the responses of the different respondents on the reasons for choos-ing parking areas. Most of the students responded that they chose the area for the safety with the average of 98 or 74. 24% the same reason for the faculty with a frequency of 17 or 68%. A few responses on the reasons of near the classroom and accessibility. This means that the owners of the motor vehicles chose the area for their convenience. They are looking forward for the safety of their motor vehicles in the sense of no matter what happen in the area where they parked. This means that they don’t care the other motor vehicles as long as their motor vehicle is safety. Table 6. 0 Problems Caused by Indiscriminate Parking Faculty: n= 25 Students: n= 132 Problemsf%f% Disturbance of classes10404231. 82 Narrowing the pathways10404836. 6 Eyesore3121511. 36 Accident prone due to freedom to cross the cam-pus streets in preferred speed 2 8 27 20. 45 Total25132 Table 6 shows the responses on the problems caused by indiscriminate parking. Most of the respondents both the faculty and the students responded that it caused distur-bance of classes and thus resulted to narrowing the pathways with a frequency of 10 and a percentage of 40%, 42 and 31. 82%, 48 and 36. 36% res pectively, followed by eyesore and caused accident prone due to freedom to cross the campus street in preferred speed. Based on the results, most of the problems were disturbance of classes and narrowing pathways in the campus. This means that these motorists have less care on what is going on in terms of disturbing classes and narrowing pathways with their motor vehicle. CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This study is focused on the motor vehicles coming in and out the school premises of NORSU-BSC this school year 2010-2011. Summary: This study would like to identify the volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus of Negros Oriental State University, Bayawan City. It sought to answer the following questions. 1. ) What is the profile of the respondents in terms of 1. 1. Age; 1. 2. Sex; and 1. 3. Course? 2. ) What is the volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus? 3. ) What are the common areas where indiscriminate parking is observed? 4. ) What are the reasons for the indiscriminate parking? 5. ) What are the problems caused by indiscriminate parking? Findings: 1. The personal profile of the student respondents. In terms of Sex; there were 122 or 92. 42% male and 10 or 7. 58% female, and the faculty respondents. For sex; there were 17 or 68% male and 8 or 32% female. According to the responses, respon-dents were mostly males. The age bracket of the respondents was from 15-20, their average age frequency was 95 or 71. 97%, in the age average bracket of 21-25 years old had an average age frequency of 34 or 25. 76%, and the age bracket of 26-30 years old had an average frequency of 3 or 2. 27%. For the faculty, in the age bracket of 21-25 the average age frequency was 5 or 20%, in the age bracket 26-30 years old has an average age frequency was 8 or 32%, and that of the age bracket of 31 years old and above had the highest average age frequency of 12 or 48%. In the courses of the respondents, there were 43 or 32. 58% in the BSIT, 48 or 36. 36% in the BSCrim, 15 or 11. 36% in the InfoTech, 2 or 1. 15% in the ComSci, 6 or 4. 55% in the BSED, 1 or 0. 76% in the BSA, 9 or 6. 82% in the BSHM, 1 or 0. 76% in the AMDNA, 7 or 5. 30% in the BSBA. Most of the respondents came from the Bachelor of Science in Criminology. 2. The volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus which totaled to 157 motor vehicles, 25 motor vehicles coming from the faculty and 132 motor vehicles coming from the students. 3. The faculty chose the area of parking in a shady area with a frequency of 11 and a percentage of 44% while students preferred accessible parking areas with a frequency of 98 and a percentage of 74. 24%. 4. The responses of the different respondents on the reasons for choosing parking areas. Most of the students responded that they chose the area for the safety with the average of 98 or 74. 24% the same reason for the faculty with a frequency of 17 or 68%. A few responses on the reasons of near the classroom and accessibility. 5. The responses on the problems caused by indiscriminate parking. Most of the res-pondents both the faculty and the students responded that it caused disturbance of classes and thus resulted to narrowing the pathways with a frequency of 10 and a percentage of 40%, 42 and 31. 82%, 48 and 36. 36% respectively, followed by eye-sore and caused accident prone due to freedom to cross the campus street in pre-ferred speed. Conclusions: 1. Most of the students and faculty respondents are male and in the age bracket of 15-20 and 31 and above respectively. Most of the student respondents are taking up BS Criminology, followed closely by those taking up BS Industrial Technology 2. The volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus is 157. 3. Most of the faculty parked their motor vehicles in shady areas, while most of the students chose to park their motor vehicles in areas accessible to them. 4. Safety of the motor vehicle is the mostly responded reason for choosing the parking area. 5. The mostly identified caused by indiscriminate parking is narrowing of pathways. Recommendation: 1. The campus must strict in providing one parking area for the motor vehicles of stu-dents and faculty to avoid problems and accidents brought about by indiscriminate parking.